April 20, 2024

Yi Wen: The Jade Road in Ancient China

In the history of Chinese civilization, the "Silk Road" is almost exclusively known to women and children. More than 2,000 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Wei twice to the Western Region, starting from Chang'an (now Xi'an), and passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to reach the European region along the Mediterranean coast. Since then, the traffic artery of Eurasia has become a bridge between the three major cultures of China, India and Greece. Since the goods that China shipped to Europe through this road were mainly silk, the German geologist Lichhofen called it the “Silk Road” at the end of the 19th century and was recognized by the world.

However, it is little known that the "Silk Road" that Zhang Huan took was just developed on a "Jade Road" in ancient times.

Thanks to God for the care of the Chinese nation, the gigantic movement of the geological plate of the Himalayas hundreds of millions of years ago created the unique treasure of the world - Hetian jade mine. In June 2002, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and CCTV jointly organized an expedition team to travel to the Kunlun Mountains to conduct on-the-spot investigations of the Hetian jade site, the Baiyuhe seed material and the ancient jade transportation route. The expedition team found a large number of jade specimens and relics of ancient ancestors activities along the way, and found many evidences about the formation and development of the "Jade Road". Archaeology confirmed that there were tribes of jade and jade in the vicinity of Xinjiang more than 3,000 years ago, and Hetian jade began to flow into the Chinese mainland. More than 700 pieces of jade articles were unearthed from the Shang Dynasty Women's Tomb in Yinxu, Henan Province. Most of them were analyzed for 300 pieces of jade. The woman is the wife of Shang Wang Wu Ding, the first female military commander in China’s history. She had a 13,000-strong army during her lifetime, attacking the ghost country in the west, and plundering many jade and its products.

During the Western Jin Dynasty more than 1,700 years ago, a group of ancient simplifications were unearthed in the Tomb of the Warring States in Henan Province. Among them, a "Mu Tianzi Biography" was compiled, which recorded Zhou Muwang’s eight-carriage western parade nearly three thousand years ago. Hunting. Zhou Muwang started from the Central Plains, passing through Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and finally arrived in the Kunlun Mountains. At that time, it was still the tribal leader of the matriarchal society, Xi Wangmu, who not only treated Zhou Muwang, but also gave him eight car gems, leaving a good story. On the way back to Zhou Muwang, he obtained a lot of jade in the tribes of jade and jade, and returned with full load. This may be the earliest and more credible history of Hetian jade entering Xinjiang from Xinjiang. Mr. Guo Moruo made a poem: "Guoyu is out of Kunshan, and the west is in the bamboo year. The mother of the Central Plains is a mother, and the jade is peaceful."

From the Kunlun Mountains and the Hetian area, the ancient ancestors extended from the near and the far to the east and west wings, and transported Hetian jade to a very distant place. It flows eastward through Gansu, Ningxia, and Shanxi, into Henan, westward through Uzbekistan, and to the Eurasian countries along the Mediterranean coast. This is the earliest "Jade Road". The Zhou Muwang West Tour route is the eastern line of this ancient road.

Many Hetian jade artifacts unearthed by experts from other prehistoric cultural sites such as Qijia Culture in Qinghai, Gansu Province, the history of Uzbekistan in the former Soviet Union, and the analysis of Xinjiang Jasper discovery in 2000 BC, and even speculated that it is likely to be five or six thousand years. There is a prototype of the "Jade Road" before. The "Jade Road" was redeveloped and utilized during Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Vendors transported a large amount of silk and medicinal materials from the Central Plains to the Western Region. When returned, they brought back a large amount of jade and local specialties. Known for transporting jade to take this road, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up the "Yumen Pass" at the Gansu Station, and the jade is now entering the country. In order to ensure the smooth flow of business roads in the Tang Dynasty, the Anxi Dufu House was established in Kucha, and it was built in the city. In the ancient times, the economic and cultural exchanges based on the trade of jade in the past dynasties have prospered and prospered, and poetry is evidenced: "The return of the Han Dynasty makes thousands of treasures, the less answer to the king Wang Piro" (Tang Du Fu); The Qingshizi by the river, and the Dongguo Yisang Ma ("Yu·Uygur poet Ma Zuchang).

A few years ago, the author went to the Yumenguan site. A small square castle made of loess squats on the sandstone hills of Gobi. Sunset in the desert, unlimited thoughts. The heavy camel ringing sounds faintly in the ear with the sound of the bleak flute. Yumenguan is like a weather-beaten old man, telling people many stories that happened on the "Jade Road"...

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