Yang Gongxia Yang Xudong translated lighting is divided into seven grades, P1 to P7, which are listed in Table 3.1. P1 is used in well-known and respected areas where high levels of lighting are required to create an attractive environment, and the remaining six are graded according to pedestrian use and protection requirements for environmental characteristics. The three levels P5 and P6.P7 should only be used where the risk of crime can be ignored. Where the risk of crime may be high, consideration should be given to selecting a higher level than the place where there is no risk of crime, or a higher severity indicating the sum of all luminaire contributions; "SC is a vertical plane and a semi-cylindrical surface including a light intensity vector The angle between the planes perpendicular to the vertical plane, as shown by -1. The angle between the incident ray and the normal to the water level passing through this point; H is the installation height of the luminaire, m; for those pedal cyclists and other non-motorized traffic. Table 3.2 gives the relevant requirements. The requirements for P1 to P6 are applicable to all used road surfaces, ie sidewalks (if any) and road surfaces. For the P7 level, essentially the illuminated portion of the luminaire that can be seen from another nearest luminaire position, or farther away, provides effective visual guidance. MF is the product of the light source lumen maintenance factor and the luminaire maintenance factor. Table 3.2 Lighting requirements for urban traffic Table 3.1 Characteristics of different types of roads in urban areas Characteristics of roads Lighting levels High-profile roads P1 pedestrians or pedal cyclists use P2 pedestrians or pedal cyclists in the evenings moderately suitable Road P3 Pedestrians or pedal cyclists use less roads in the evening, only contact the neighboring property for the roads that are less used in the evening between the P4 pedestrians or the pedal bicycles, and only contact the adjacent property to maintain the village or the environment. Building characteristics are important. P5 pedestrians or pedal bicycles are rarely used in the evening. They only contact adjacent property. It is important to maintain the architectural characteristics of the village or the environment. P6 only requires direct light from the lamps to provide visual guidance. P7 lighting level The horizontal illuminance maintained by the entire road surface 1>) Semi-column illuminance 1>) Average minimum and minimum P1207. Calculation and measurement method (-) Semi-cylindrical illumination at a half cylinder illumination point can be used in the following formula or mathematically Equivalent formula calculation: secondary (for example: replace P5 with P4 or P3). These recommendations also apply to the initial luminous flux of the light source in the luminaire, klm; semi-cylindrical illumination can be measured directly by connecting a special photocell to the illuminometer. The point with the lowest illuminance may be below the luminaire, but the person is only a short time to move there while moving. When calculating the minimum value, you can select another point nearby, for example, from the point below the luminaire at 0. In a residential or pedestrian zone, the feeling of discomfort glare of a pedestrian or a slow-moving cyclist or motorist may be due to the brightness of individual luminaires that are close to the viewer's line of sight. This applies in particular to those areas that are installed low and are mounted on the top of the pole. This guide proposes the following relationship between L and A for different installation heights: where L is the maximum average brightness (cd/m2) of the luminaire between the directions of 85. and 90. with the downward perpendicular; A is the luminaire The area of ​​the light exit surface (m2) in the direction of 90. All surfaces are included in the area as long as the light source portion is not visible at all, either directly or incompletely. If the illuminating area of ​​the luminaire has a very uneven brightness, it shall be accounted for in accordance with the method described in CIE31-1976 publication Road Lighting Installation Glare and Uniformity, ie the areas of those bright parts have been incorporated into the relevant In the angle, it is shown that at the same angle, 100 less than the maximum brightness is negligible. The comfort and acceptance of a lighting facility is generally judged by the 'natural state' of the human appearance. This is a measure of the three-dimensionality of their appearance. They should have neither excessive nor inappropriate comparisons. Both of these conditions can distort the appearance and the architectural features of the environment. Studies have shown that the ratio of vertical illumination (E and semi-cylindrical illumination (E; c) gives a good sense of stereoscopic shape. This lighting design can be combined with the overall design concept of a special pedestrian zone. For aesthetic reasons, the user's appearance and equipment must be specifically considered. Since the selection of a suitable light source plays a particularly important role in urban lighting design, the operating characteristics of several light sources are listed in Table 3.3. The numbers given in the table are the standardization of bulbs of various sizes and types. The specifications in the table are limited to the most commonly used in urban lighting. Due to certain words and expressions in English, there may be different translations in some countries and language groups. Some of the terms commonly used in this guide are explained as follows: In many publications, a street is interpreted as a road, which becomes part of Or all are defined by houses along one or both sides. A road is defined as the purpose of any public access to a passing vehicle. Fowler said: Any prepared surface, the vehicle can travel along it can be used as a road. The street is a relatively wide, between two rows of houses or shops. The following instructions are used in this guide: the entire area of ​​the street between the house or the red line of the building, including the sidewalks and paved areas, used for vehicular traffic; the roads only for vehicles; the sidewalks between the roads and the red lines of the buildings The border. Due to some confusion in the use of the nouns listed above, the following explanations are given in this guide: Average is the average of several calculated and measured values ​​obtained by a device at a pre-set point. In terms of measurement and calculation, it shall be carried out in accordance with CIE 30.2-1982. The maintenance value is the value calculated for the following assumptions: (a) Lumen attenuation during the planned replacement time, the lumen attenuation factor of the source light source can be obtained from the light source manufacturer, and the manufacturer should give details of the light output ratio of the source, From the initial lighting until a certain time, generally exceeds the time of economical lamp replacement. There are several types of lights that vary depending on where they are lit. The designer should choose a specific time to change the lamp based on its failure rate, lumen deceleration rate, and labor and material costs. The light output of the light source at this time should be used in all calculations. The pollution attenuation factor of a luminaire depends on the location of the equipment installed in the urban area and the atmospheric environment and the frequency of cleaning during the life of the equipment. Individual measurements made in the field are available to the designer. Introduce two methods for determining the pollution attenuation factor (maintenance factor) (a) for a typical American closed luminaire method: at. 3 Select the corresponding curve according to the type of environment, as shown below: very clean: no smoke activity and low environmental pollution level nearby. Traffic is low and is generally limited to residential areas or rural areas. The environmental particle level does not exceed 150! g/m3; Clean: Activity near smokeless dust, medium to high traffic, environmental particle level does not exceed 300! g/m3; medium: There are activities that produce moderate smoke nearby, and the environmental particle level does not exceed 600! g/m3; Dirty: There is smoke or dust nearby. Sometimes the dust may not cover the entire fixture; it is dirty: Same as above, but the lamps are usually covered by smoke or dust. 4533 lamps according to IP rating Table 3.3 Comparison of light source type Power ') Nominal luminous flux color rendering 2) Color temperature 3) Rated life 4) Application of incandescent ordinary tungsten filament lamp short pole top lamp, lamp post, decorative lamp, Signs of tungsten halogen lamps, short-field floodlighting, small-scale architectural floodlighting, accent lighting with reflectors transparent and color transparent) Short-tree, shrubs, flowers and sculptures, accent lighting, fluorescent lamps, standard type, full range of long-term markers according to phosphors Fixtures mounted on the wall and the top of the pole Compact, according to the phosphor, all the signs in the range, lamps mounted on the wall and the top of the pole, high-pressure mercury lamps, transparent blue long trees and blue-green features of floodlighting, buildings Floodlighting, fluorescent coating, long-distance site and architectural floodlighting, low-power key lighting, tungsten/mercury mixed long-field and architectural floodlighting, lamppost, road lighting, pole-top lighting with reflector, long-field lighting, lamppost, pole Top lamps, wall bracket lamps, metal halide lamps, transparent long-field and architectural floodlighting, low-power accent lighting, coated long-field and architectural floodlighting, linear venues and architectural floodlighting Light source and reflector short-focus lighting, tower and tower floodlighting high-pressure sodium lamp standard long-field and architectural floodlighting, pole-top lighting, road lighting, lamp post, improved color-developing long-field and architectural floodlighting high color rendering Long-field and building floodlighting Low-pressure sodium lamps Standard long-street lighting, architectural floodlighting, security lighting Note: 1. Light efficiency is expressed in lumens per watt lighting design, and includes standard rectifiers (if any) The power loss of the incandescent lamp is based on a 240V power supply. the following. 3, color temperature X two is lower than the live and work people are seeing three-dimensional three-dimensional objects, we are used to seeing three-dimensional things, these modern mechanical design software start with the production of three-dimensional graphics, while painting and modifying until the shape And the function is satisfactory. Finally, the software automatically generates flat drawings and gets the same results as before. The structure design of the luminaire is also the same. Nowadays, the designers use the 3D software and no longer draw the plan on the paper just like the one that has been used before, and no longer only the two-dimensional plane design without the three-dimensional design. At present, the luminaire structure design software that has been used in luminaires mainly includes three-dimensional industrial modeling, three-dimensional mechanical design and two-dimensional engineering drawing, which are respectively described as follows: (1) Three-dimensional industrial modeling: This software is used in the initial stage of product development, design The contours, appearance appearance and overall functional evaluation, the main software used are: Rhinoceros, Alias, CDRS and so on. In the case of the previous step, the staff has deepened the design of the product. Currently, there are many softwares, including Pro-e and I. Some fixtures also require analysis of mechanical strength, such as handles and handles, such as Ansys. The software listed above is a very useful design tool that lighting practitioners often encounter and use at work. It will help you save time and make the design work more precise and complete, the expression is more intuitive, and the product is more Beautiful, investment-saving, and very economical. In the past, the domestic penetration rate in this area was not high. With the rapid development of China's lighting industry, we can believe that these software will be used more and more widely, and in the near future there will be software that belongs to the Chinese people's own copyright. (Continued from page 38) Table 3.4 Luminaire pollution attenuation factor The level of ambient light output, igniting time, month 1218243036 IP2X cleaning 0.900. The amount of dust accumulation depends on the I9 level of the luminaire (ie protection level) and also depends on the luminaire The installed environment. Table 3.4 gives the various attenuation factors for each of the 19 grades and the environment. This table is based on the following environmental conditions: a) Cleaning: There are no soot-producing activities nearby. Medium traffic. The environmental particle level does not exceed 30! g/m3 (rural area); S) “General: nearby activities that generate smoke in the middle. The traffic volume is large. The environmental particle level does not exceed F00! a/r3 (residence and light industrial area); c) dirty: there are activities that produce smoke and dust nearby, and sometimes there may be no lamps (heavy industrial areas). Therefore, the hold value is the product of the source lumen attenuation factor and the luminaire pollution attenuation factor. Completed the full text) Trilobal Bright Fdy Tbr,Textiles Polyester Dyed Yarns,Clothing Textiles Polyester Fdy Yarns,Dyed Fdy Yarn Zhejiang Jiabao Polyester Co.,ltd. , https://www.jiabaorecycle.com